NOTE: This outline is arranged to coordinate with Alan Brinkley's American History: A Survey, Vol. I, Ninth ed. While the details of the outline may differ from Brinkley, the chapter titles and major headings (in bold print) are the same.
America Before Columbus
I. Origins of American "Indians"
A. Came by land bridge from Asia
B. 15,000 to 30,000 years ago
C. Disease filter
II. Native American culture before Columbus (pre-Columbian)
A. By 1492, 110-112 million pop. in western hemisphere; 10-12 million in current United States
B. Middle and South America
1. By 2,000-1,500 B.C.E., permanent farming towns with pottery in Mexico
2. 300-900 C.E., flowering of classic cultures with temples, pyramids, game courts, etc.
3. Mayans (Yucatan, Guatemala)
4. Aztecs--founded Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) in 1325
5. Quechua people (Incas)--1400's--mainly in Peru
C. North America
1. Adena-Hopewell cultures of Ohio Valley, 800 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.
2. Mississippian cultures, 600-1500 C.E.
3. Southwest
4. Political organization
5. Factors aiding European Conquest
Europe Looks Westward
I. Early images and contacts
A. Fantasies
B. Debate about antipodes
C. Norsemen
II. Emergence of Europe
A. Advances in learning
B. Growth of trade, towns, nation-states
III. Christofo Columbo, Admiral of the Ocean Sea
A. Italian, sponsored by Spain
B. After 33 days at sea, sighted land Oct. 12, 1492 in Caribbean--probably Samana Cay Island
C. Returned to Spain with two ships, leaving 40 men behind
D. Made four trips in all; died thinking he had found way to Asia; unaware of discovery of two continents
IV. The great biological exchange
V. Other explorers
VI. Early English exploration: John Cabot, 1497-8
VII. Spanish conquests
A. Began in Caribbean
B. Cortez conquered Aztecs in 1520
C. Pizzaro conquered Incas in 1533
D. St. Augustine, Florida est. 1565
E. Santa Fe est. 1610
VIII. Africa and America
IX. Protestant Reformation
A. Background
B. Martin Luther--95 Theses, 1517
C. John Calvin and Calvinism
D. Zwingli and left wing reformation
E. Henry VIII and English Reformation
The Arrival of the English
I. Roanoke, 1585 (Sir Walter Raleigh)
II. Second Roanoke, 1587
A. Colonists abandoned by Capt. Fernandez on Roanoke
B. Month later, Gov. John White returned to England for supplies
C. War with Spain prevented White's return to Roanoke
D. Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588
E. When White did return, colony had disappeared
III. Other Countries
A. France
1. St. Lawrence Valley
2. New Orleans and Mississippi River Valley
3. Great Lakes region
4. Trading posts
B. Dutch (Netherlands)
1. 1602 Hudson (for Dutch East India Co.) looked for N.W. Passage
2. Claimed all land between 40 and 45 parallels
3. Trading posts at Manhattan, New Amsterdam
4. Trade: goods & slaves
5. Patroon system, 1629
C. Sweden
1. Ft. Christiana (Delaware), 1634
2. Ousted by Dutch, 1665
The Early Chesapeake
I. Jamestown, 1607
A. London Co.--a joint stock company
B. First colonists all men--100+ soldiers
C. Bad location
D. 70 of 108 died first winter
E. 500 more colonists in 1609; all but 60 died during winter
F. Colony survived largely due to Capt. John Smith
G. Relations with Native Americans
H. Tobacco and John Rolfe
I. The Headright system
J. The Year 1619
1. House of Burgesses
2. Ship with 90 young women--brides
3. Dutch slave ship--20 Africans sold as "servants"
K. Became royal colony in 1624
II. The social order of plantation society
A. Bacon's Rebellion: a "class conflict"
1. Bacon's followers not the poor
2. Wanted privileges of grandees
3. Race also an issue
III. The founding of Maryland
A. Grant of 10 million acres to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, a Catholic who hoped to make Maryland a haven for Catholics
B. Charter, 1632, made Calvert and his heirs absolute lords and proprietors
C. Geo. Calvert died; charter passed to son, Cecil
D. 250 settlers came in 1634 in The Ark and The Dove; within a few years Maryland a prosperous tobacco colony
E. Despite plans, became much like Virginia
F. Toleration Act of 1649
G. Takeover by Protestant Association in 1688
H. Returned to Calvert family in 1715 after they converted to Protestantism
Caribbean Colonization
I. Spanish colonies
A. First in 1496 on Hispaniola
B. Mostly on Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico
II. English colonies
A. Substantial colonies only by 1650's
B. Sugar the most lucrative crop
III. Slavery
A. Sugar a labor intensive crop
B. Native population decimated by diseases
C. English first used indentured servants
D. When indentures stopped coming, planters turned to African slave
E. Fear of slave revolts led to extreme control measures
IV. Relation to North American Colonies
A. Source of trade
B. Furnished models for plantations
C. Source of slaves
The Growth of New England
I. The Founding of New England
A. Puritans
1. Beliefs: Covenant, Election
2. Separatists and non-separatists
B. The Founding of Plymouth, 1620
1. Voyage of nine weeks on Mayflower -- 101 persons; one death, two births
2. Intended to go to Virginia; landed at Provincetown Nov. 11--outside any jurisdiction--settled a little south at Plymouth
3. Mayflower Compact -- agreement by 41 men; based on church covenant
4. Assistance from Squanto
C. Founding of Massachusetts Bay, 1630
1. Congregationalist Puritans; non-separatists
2. Gov. John Winthrop
D. The Great Migration
1. Decade of 1630's; cir. 20,000 immigrants
2. Reasons both economic and religious
3. Ended when Civil War started
II. The Expansion of New England
A. Rhode Island
B. Connecticut
C. New Hampshire
The Restoration Colonies
I. The English Civil War
II. The Carolinas
A. Carolina chartered in 1629, but not settled
B. Chas. II revoked charter in 1663 and made larger grant to group of wealthy and powerful proprietors
C. People came from Virginia--poor farmers
D. Owners committed to making lots of money
E. Owners wanted feudal system; "Fundamental Constitution" by John Locke
F. Northern Carolina developed as poorer version of Virginia
G. Southern Carolina became a rich rice colony centered in Charleston
H. Separated into two colonies in 1712
III. Other Colonies
A. New York: New Netherlands taken from Dutch - 1664
B. Delaware: Taken from Dutch in 1664
D. New Jersey - 1676
IV. Pennsylvania - 1681
A. Grant of Chas. II to Sir Wm. Penn
B. Colonized by Penn's son, William, who had
become a Quaker
1. Self government
2. Religious freedom
3. Fair treatment of Indians
4. Philadelphia became largest city
V. Georgia
A. Originally part of 1663 Carolina grant
B. Claimed by both England and Spain, so England encouraged colonization
C. Man chiefly responsible was Gen. James Oglethorpe
D. Georgia governed in early years by "trustees" appointed by king. Would govern for 21 years, without profit, then convey to crown.
E. First settlement in 1732
F. For military reasons trustees wanted disciplined military colony of white, sober, Protestant farmers
1. Small farms
2. Slavery prohibited
3. Rum banned
4. Realities precluded all of these
The Development of Empire
I. The Dominion of New England
A. Navigation Acts
1. Trade closed to non-English ships--1660
2. Certain goods exported only to England--1663--goods from other countries to England first
3. Duties on goods shipped between colonies--1673
B. Charles II's assertion of authority
1. New Hampshire made separate colony, 1679
2. Massachusetts lost charter, 1684
3. One government for all New England, N.Y. & N.J.
4. Gov. Edmund Andros--harsh; ordered Anglican services in Boston
II. The "Glorious Revolution"
A. James II, a Catholic, had two daughters, both Protestant
B. James had son in 1688 and announced he would be raised Catholic
C. Protestant parliament members invited James' daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, ruler of the Netherlands and staunch Protestant, to rule England as co-regents.
D. James abdicated and moved to France
E. Effect on colonies
1. Wm. & Mary made property rather than religion the test for voting
2. Also required religious toleration
3. Reaction in Maryland
The Colonial Population
I. The People
A. Characteristics
B. Birth and death
II. Family life in the South
III. Family life in New England
IV. Beginnings of slavery
V. Immigration patterns
The Colonial Economy
I. The Southern economy
A. Tobacco and social class
1. 1619 -- 20,000 lbs.
1620 -- <500,000 lbs.
1629 -- 1,500,000 lbs.
1663 -- 9,000,000 lbs.
1688 -- 18,000,000 lbs
2. Price crashed in 1620's
3. Pressure to grow immense quantities
B. Land and labor
1. Quantity of free land and shortage of labor should have produced more equality
2. Did not for several reasons
3. By 1676 thirty men owned over 100,000 acres along Potomac
C. Governing the social order
1. Assumed that political office should be profitable
2. No Burgesses elected in 15 years
II. The Northern Economy
A. Agriculture
B. Commerce
Patterns of Society
I. The Plantation
A. Social stratification
B. Plantation slavery
1. Slave population
a. 1619 20 slaves to Virginia
b. 1650 300
c. 1670* 2,000
d. 1680 3,000
e. 1700 8,000
f. 1750 100,000
*law passed in 1670: "all servants, not being Christians, imported into this colony by shipping shall be slaves for their lives."
2. Slavery chosen for economic reason; justified by racism
3. White poor described in same terms
4. Poor whites may not have been racists at this time
5. Gradually rich whites appealed to poor whites along racial lines to overcome class problems
II. Puritan Society
A. Puritanism
1. Calvinist theology
A. Covenant
b. Predestination (election)
2. Dissatisfaction with English society
3. Mission
A. Errand into the Wilderness
b. City Upon a Hill
4. Values
A. Discipline/godliness
b. Simplicity
c. Moderation
d. Hard work - vocation
5. Puritan community
A. Introspection
b. Public examination
c. Discipline
6. Dissent
A. Roger Williams
1) Criticisms of Puritans
a) Indian affairs
b) Church & State
c) Church finance
2) Banished in 1636
3) Founded R.I. (bought land from Indians)
b. Anne Hutchinson
1) Debates with ministers
2) Discussion of sermons
3) Claim to personal revelations
4) Banished in 1637; went to R.I.
c. Baptists
d. Quakers
7. Decline and falling away
A. Reasons
1) Prosperity
2) Rise of merchant class
3) Resistance to price and wage controls
4) Land speculation
b. Half-way Covenant
B. The Salem Hysteria
1. Witchcraft in 17th century
2. Hysteria the outgrowth of past events
The Colonial Mind
I. The Great Awakening
A. Religious & political pluralism characterized the colonies
B. Religion had become routine and secondary
C. The revivals
1. William & Gilbert Tennent - NY & NJ - 1720's
2. Jonathan Edwards - Northampton, MA - 1734-35
3. Geo. Whitefield - 1740
4. Abuses -- James Davenport
5. In the South - 1760's
D. Results of the Great Awakening
1. Many new denominations
2. Conflict between Old Lights & New Lights
3. Egalitarianism
a. Challenged tradition of deference to "betters"
b. Status of African-Americans
(John Woolman on racial prejudice)
c. Status of women
4. Undermined status of ministers
5. Revivalism
II. The Enlightenment
A. Emphasis on reason
B. Optimism
C. Natural Law
D. Social implications
1. Locke's "natural rights" of life, liberty, property
2. Natural law supersedes human law
3. Social contract and right of revolution
4. Freedoms: religion, speech, press
5. Changes in college curricula
E. A case: the Boston smallpox epidemic, 1720-21
F. Enlightened Americans: Jonathan Edwards & Benjamin Franklin
A Loosening of Ties
I. British Neglect
II. Colonial Independence
The Struggle for the Continent
I. The French and Indian War (Seven Years War) 1754-1763
A. French movement into the Ohio Valley
B. The Albany Congress
C. Col. Washington's failed campaign
D. The war begins
F. Four difficult years for British -- Braddock's defeat
G. Fall of Quebec - 1759
H. Treaty of Paris, 1763
1. England got all of N. America east of Miss. R. except New Orleans which went to Spain
2. France essentially out of N. America
The New Imperialism
I. Postwar Problems
A. Negative attitude of English towards colonials
B. Negative attitude of colonials towards English
C. Indian-English relations deteriorated
D. Pontiac's alliance (Huron, Chippewa, Potawatomie, Delaware, Shawnee)
E. Pontiac's Rebellion and Gen. Amherst's policy of "extirpation"
F. Paxton Boys
G. Proclamation of 1763
H. War debt
II. Beginnings of Protest
A. England's financial problems in the 1760's
B. Grenville's decision to tax the colonies
C. Debate over "consent of the governed" and "virtual representation"
D. The Real Whigs
E. The Sugar Act
F. The Currency Act
G. Colonial reaction
1. Called for repeal of Sugar Act
2. Opposed creation of Stamp Act
3. James Otis' The Rights of the British Colonies asserted and proved
Stirrings of Revolt
I. The Stamp Act Crisis
A. Passage of Stamp Act
B. Colonial opposition
1. Patrick Henry and "Stamp Act Resolves"
2. Loyal Nine
3. Value and danger of mob action
4. Sons of Liberty
5. Stamp Act Congress, Oct. 1765
C. Repeal and Declaratory Act, 1766
D. Quartering Act, Oct. 1765
II. Townshend Acts, 1767
A. Duties on imports from England - used to pay salaries of British officials - more vice-admiralty courts
B. Protests
1. John Dickinson's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
2. Circular letter of Mass. Assembly
3. Women urged less dependence on English cloth and tea
4. Nonimportation agreements
C. Duties repealed, 1770 (except on tea)
III. Growing Conflicts
A. Boston Massacre, 1770
B. Superficial calm, 1770-1772
C. Committees of Correspondence
IX. Boston Tea Party, 1773
A. Only remaining Townshend duty was on tea
B. Tea Act of 1773 - to save East India Co.
C. Destruction of tea valued at £10,000
D. Parliament's response
1. Boston Port Bill
2. Massachusetts Government Act
3. Justice Act
4. Quartering Act
E. Quebec Act
F. Colonial reaction
G. Call for intercolonial congress, 1774
Cooperation and War
I. First Continental Congress, 1774
A. Decision to count votes by colony
B. Three tasks facing congressmen
1. Deciding relationship to England
2. Presenting grievances against England
3. Deciding how to resist
C. Declaration of Rights and Grievances
D. Acts of resistance
1. Committees of observation and inspection
2. Promoting home manufactures
3. Discouraging leisure activities
4. Suppression of dissidents
II. Internal dissent and conflict
A. Aims and tactics of resistance questioned
B. Conservative essayists
1. Joseph Galloway - plan of mutual veto
2. Daniel Leonard - newspaper debate with John Adams
C. Loyalists
D. Patriots
E. Legal actions against loyalists (Tories)
F. Anxiety over slavery
III. Lexington and Concord
A. Gen. Gage ordered to arrest patriot leaders
B. First shots at Lexington & Concord
The States United
I. The colonies come together
A. Assumptions of British leaders
1. Colonists no match for British regular soldiers
2. Tactics used in Europe would work in America
3. Military victory would bring political reconciliation
B. Tasks facing Second Continental Congress (May, 1775)
1. Organize for war
2. Obtain war supplies
3. Strengthen militia
4. Establish Continental Army
C. George Washington, commander-in-chief
1. Selection
2. Background and characteristics
3. Taking command in Boston
4. British evacuation of Boston
D. Towards a declaration of independence
1. Thomas Paine's Common Sense
2. Congress recommends colonies adopt new governments
3. Richard Henry Lee's independence resolution
II. The Declaration of Independence
A. The committee to draft declaration
B. Jefferson selected to write draft
C. Draft presented to Congress, June 28
D. Nature of the document
E. Risk to the congressmen who signed
The War for Independence
I. The first phase: New England
A. Breed's Hill
B. Fort Ticonderoga
C. Canadian Campaign
II. The second phase: The Mid-Atlantic region
A. New York City
B. New Jersey
C. Victories at Trenton and Princeton
D. American armies
E. Philadelphia
F. Saratoga
G. Oriskany
H. Iroquois Confederacy
III. Securing aid from abroad
IV. The final phase: The South
A. Change in British command and strategy
B. Charleston and Camden
C. Nathaniel Green as American commander
D. Green and Native Americans
E. American victories
F. Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781
V. Winning the Peace
A. Treaty of Paris (1783)
War and Society
I. Loyalists and minorities
II. Native Americans and the Revolution
III. Women and the Revolution
IV. The war economy
The Creation of State Governments
I. The assumptions of republicanism
II. The first state constitutions
III. Revising state governments
IV. Toleration and slavery
The Search for a National Government
I. The Confederation
A. Sovereign states; weak central government
B. Articles of Confederation completed 1777; ratified 1781
C. Trials of the Confederation
1. Economic problems--Robert Morris
2. Congressional weakness on trade
II. Diplomatic failures
A. With England
1. Articles 4 & 5 of the Treaty of Paris, 1783
2. British posts on the Great Lakes
B. With Spain
III. The Confederation and the Northwest
A. Northwest Ordinance of 1785
B. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
IV. Indians and the western lands
A. Native American resistance to U.S. encroachment
B. Military force
1. Battle of Fallen Timbers
V. Debts, taxes and Daniel Shays
A. Hunger for foreign goods after war left Americans in debt
B. Government had large debts to American citizens, foreign governments and revolutionary veterans, but limited powers of taxation
C. Nationalists pushed for a national tax (Morris, Hamilton, Madison, etc.)
D. Shays's Rebellion
Framing a New Government
A. By the mid 1780's Confederation Congress ineffectual
B. By late 1780's a general dissatisfaction
I. Advocates of centralization
A. Wealthy--because of economic problems
B. Veterans--pensions not paid
C. Manufacturers and merchants--lack of uniform regulation
D. Others
E. Alexander Hamilton, supported by Madison, called for a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation
1. Five states sent delegates to Annapolis in 1786
2. Approved a call for a special convention in Philadelphia the next year
3. Suceeded only when Geo. Washington lent his support
II. A Divided Convention
A. Background of the delegates
B. Key early decisions
1. Washington elected to preside
2. Proceedings to be secret
3. Each state delegation to have one vote
C. Madison's role
D. The Virginia Plan
E. The New Jersey Plan
F. Important issues
III. Compromise
A. Benjamin Franklin helped to avoid failure
B. The "Great Compromise"
C. The compromise on slavery
D. Unresolved issues
IV. The Constitution of 1787
A. Influence of Madison
B. Two major issues
1. Sovereignty
a. Flows from the people
b. Federal government supreme
c. Important rights of states recognized
2. Concentrated authority
a. Separation of powers
b. Checks and balances
C. Protection against unchecked exercise of popular will
D. Signed by 39 delegates September 17, 1787
V. Federalists and Antifederalists
A. Ratification clause
B. The Antifederalists
1. Those who saw threats to states
2. Those who wanted bill of rights
3. Those who opposed large government
4. Increasingly focused on bill of rights
C. Battle over ratification in New York and Virginia
1. New Hampshire ratified June 1788 - 9th state
2. Virginia ratified by vote of 89-79 over objections of Patrick Henry
3. Publication of the Federalist Papers
4. N.Y. ratified by 3 vote margin July 26, 1788
5. R.I. did not join until 1790
VI. Completing the structure
A. First elections in early 1789
B. Washington inaugurated April 30, 1789
C. Adding a Bill of Rights
D. Judiciary Act of 1789
E. Creation of three executive departments, offices of Attorney General and Postmaster General
Federalists and Republicans
I. Alexander Hamilton (age 34, brilliant, ambitious)
II. The public debt
III. Hamilton's "Report on Public Credit" to Congress (1790)
A. Recommended assumption of states' debts by federal government and par funding of federal debts
B. Madison opposed (influential member of Congress)
C. A political compromise linked assumption to location of new federal capital
IV. Hamilton's Second Report on Public Credit
A. Proposed national bank capitalized by $10 million ($2 million in federal funds)
B. Madison said Congress could not constitutionally establish a national bank
C. Jefferson agreed with Madison, citing Art. 1, Sect. 8 (not "necessary"; strict constructionist interpretation.)
D. Hamilton defended his proposal, arguing anything not specifically prohibited was allowed (broad constructionist)
E. Washington decides in favor of Hamilton
V. Hamilton's "Report on Manufactures"
VI. Excise tax on Whiskey (1791)
VII. The emergence of political factions
A. Jefferson, Madison & the Republicans--Democratic Republican Societies
B. Hamilton & the Federalists
VIII. Reaction of factions to French Revolution
IX. Election of 1792--Washington elected to second term
Establishing National Sovereignty
I. A notable Federalist achievement
II. Stabilizing the western frontier
A. Whiskey Rebellion, 1794
B. New states entered Union: Vermont, 1791; Kentucky, 1792; Tennessee, 1796
C. Status of Indian tribes ambiguous
III. Maintaining neutrality
A. War between French and British brought crisis
1. U.S. declared neutrality
2. "Citizen" Edmond Genet
B. Seizure of American trading ships by British
1. Jay appointed special envoy to England
2. Jay's Treaty
3. Pinckney's Treaty
The Downfall of the Federalists
I. The election of 1796
A. Washington declined third term--published "Farewell Address"
B. Republicans ran Jefferson & Burr
C. Federalists ran John Adams & Thomas Pinckney
D. Difficulties with the electoral system: Adams elected president; Jefferson Vice-President
II. The Adams administration
A. Held to naive belief that President could be above partisan disputes; thus left many decisions to others
B. Relations with France
C. The Alien Acts
D. The Sedition Act
E. The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
III. The election of 1800
A. Federalists split and going downhill
B. Republicans united and gaining strength
C. The campaign
1. Ugly and vindictive
2. Burr delivered New York for Republicans
D. The Jefferson-Burr tie
1. Sent election to House of Rep.
2. Jefferson elected on 36th ballot
3. Twelfth Amendment resulted
E. Jefferson called his election "The revolution of 1800"
F. The Judiciary Act of 1801
The Rise of Cultural Nationalism
I. Republican vision of universal, free education (for an enlightened electorate)
A. Tended to be white, male and private
B. Some advances in female education
C. Higher education followed same pattern
II. Dream for an American language and literature
A. Jedediah Morse, Geography Made Easy
B. Noah Webster, American Spelling Book and An American Dictionary of the English Language
C. American Literature
1. Mercy Otis Warren, History of the Revolution
2. Mason Weems, Life of Washington
III. Religious dissent & racial ferment
A. The Second Great Awakening
B. Gabriel Prosser's rebellion
Stirrings of Industrialism
I. The Industrial Revolution in England
II. Technology in America
A. Textile machines imported from England--Slater's Mill at Pawtucket
B. American inventors
1. Oliver Evans--automatic flour mill
2. Eli Whitney
a. Cotton Gin
b. Interchangable parts for guns
C. Not yet a true manufacturing economy
III. Trade and transportation
A. Need to move raw materials to production and goods to market
B. Shipping industry--by 1793 U.S. shipping exceeded only by England
C. At home, river transportation improved by steamboat
D. "Turnpike Era"
1792 a 60 mile toll road from Philadelphia to Lancaster by private company
IV. U.S. still overwhelmingly rural, but cities growing
Jefferson the President
I. Jefferson assumes power
A. The tone of Jefferson's presidency
B. Jefferson places Republicans in appointive offices
C. The Republican Congress
D. The Marshall Court
1. Chief Justice John Marshall: Champion of federal supremacy
2. Marbury v. Madison
3. McCulloch v. Maryland
Doubling the National Domain
I. The Louisiana Purchase - 1803
A. Napoleon acquired Louisiana from Spain in 1802 to rebuild French empire in America
B. U.S. afraid of losing rights to Miss. R. & New Orleans
C. Jefferson sent James Monroe, with $2 million appropriation, to join Amb. Robert Livingston in France to buy New Orleans
D. Napoleon needed money; offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million; Madision & Livingston accepted
E. Jefferson used "implied powers" of president to justify his action
F. Single most popular act of his presidency
II. Election of 1804: Republicans vs. Federalists
A. Younger Federalists willing to campaign
B. Republicans invent political barbecue
C. Extremism of older Federalists: The Pickering-Burr Conspiracy
D. The Burr-Hamilton duel
Expansion and War
I. Problems caused by war between France & England
II. The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, June 1807
III. Jefferson's Embargo Act
IV. James Madison elected over Chas. Pinckney in 1808
V. Congressional elections of 1810--War Hawks
VI. Madison's war message of June 1, 1812
The War of 1812
I. American military ill prepared and ill equipped
II. U.S. decides to invade Canada--ends in disaster
III. U.S. wins Great Lakes Campaign under Oliver Hazard Perry and William Henry Harrison
IV. British blockade Chesapeake & Delaware Bays
V. Washington captured & burned; stalemate at Baltimore
VI. War in the South
A. Andrew Jackson defeated Creeks & Cherokees at Horseshoe Bend, March 1814
B. Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815
VII. Treaty of Ghent, December 24, 1814
VIII. Results of war
1. Demise of Federalist Party--had advocated secession
2. Gave nation confidence
3. No more European entanglements
4. Maintain army of at least 10,000
IX. The Hartford Convention
Stabilizing Economic Growth
I. Postwar Nationalism
A. Madison's nationalistic program
1. Support for military expansion, a national bank and protective tariff--all passed by Congress
2. Opposition to federal support for building roads and canals--passed by Congress; vetoed by Madison
Expanding Westward
I. Agricultural Expansion
A. The Expansion of Southern Agriculture
1. War of 1812 led to removal of Native Americans
2. Land hunger: Rise of "King Cotton"
B. The Expansion of Northern Agriculture
1. Land hunger: Rise of Wheat
2. Getting to Market: The Erie Canal
a. Only access to Atlantic from Ohio valley was down Mississippi to New Orleans
b. 364 mi. long; $26,000 per mile
c. Cut shipping costs by 90%
d. Assured New York as port for Ohio Valley
C. The Expansion of Market Agriculture
1. Move from subsistence farming to market farming
2. Required specialization -- single item production
3. New technology -- iron plow, fertilizer, reaper
4. Tied to westward expansion
B. Election of James Monroe, 1816
The "Era of Good Feelings"
I. Accomplishments of Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
A. Rush-Bagot Agreement
B. Convention of 1818
C. Adams-Onís Treaty
II. Panic of 1819
III. The Monroe Doctrine
A. Noncolonization
B. Noninterference
C. Nonintervention
Sectionalism and Nationalism
I. Missouri's petition for statehood as slave state
A. Raised issue of slavery as political issue
B. Political balance in Senate
C. Tallmadge Amendment passed by House, rejected by Senate
II. The Missouri Compromise of 1820
A. Due to pressure from House Speaker Henry Clay
B. Provisions
1. Maine admitted as free state
2. Missouri admitted as slave state
3. Slavery prohibited forever in rest of Louisiana Territory north of 36° 30'
C. Compromise carried, but destroyed Republican unity and ended reign of Virginia Dynasty
The Revival of Opposition
I. A new political situation
A. Expanding the electorate
B. The election of 1824
1. Republicans not united; four candidates
A. Andrew Jackson
b. John Quincy Adams
c. Wm. Crawford of Georgia
d. Henry Clay
2. Jackson won popular vote; got most electoral votes, but not majority. Threw election into House
3. Clay threw support to Adams; Adams elected
4. Jackson's followers charged "Corrupt Bargain"
C. Presidency of John Quincy Adams
1. Courageous, but politically inept
2. Alienated Congress over "internal improvements"
D. The election of 1828
1. Congressional elections of 1826
2. Legislative handouts
3. Main issue was protective tariff
4. Jackson got 56% pop. vote; 68% elect. vote
The Rise of Mass Politics
I. The Jackson presidency
A. Inauguration
B. Spoils system
C. Rivalry between Calhoun and Van Buren
D. Jackson's democratic concept of rotation in office
E. The Peggy Eaton affair
"Our Federal Union"
I. Conflict with Calhoun
A. Internal improvements
B. The nullification issue
II. The nullification crisis
A. South Carolina, in special convention Nov. 24, 1832 declares tariff null and void
B. In special session, S.C. legislature names Hayne as governor and elects Calhoun as senator to replace him
C. Calhoun resigns as Vice President and defends nullification in Senate
D. Jackson's response (and the Force Act)
E. S.C. withdraws nullification, then nullifies Force Act
The Removal of the Indians
I. Jackson's Indian policy
A. Attitude: better off out of the way
B. Indian Removal Act and treaties
(94 treaties; many forced)
C. Cherokee's Trail of Tears
1. Georgia's actions against Indians
2. Supreme Court ruling
3. Jackson ignores court
4. Cherokees removed to Indian Territory
Jackson and the Bank War
I. Controversy over the Bank of the United States
A. Bank's opponents led by Sen. Thos. Hart Benton of Missiouri
B. Bank president Biddle asked for recharter; passed both houses of Congress
C. Jackson vetoed on grounds that bank had effect of widening gap between rich and poor
D. The election of 1832
1. Anti-masonic party
2. National party conventions
a. National Republicans nominate Henry Clay
b. Democrats nominate Jackson
3. Jackson's victory overwhelming
E. Jackson orders removal of government deposits from National Bank because "they no longer insured the safety of funds"
The Emergence of the Second Party System
I. Jackson's tactics produced a coalititon of opponents--Whigs
A. Democrats
1. Wanted expansion of opportunity and thought government should remove any artificial obstacles. Favored westward expansion.
2. Appealed to small merchants, laborers, Southern planters, Catholic immigrants
B. Whigs
1. Wanted to encourage growth by exercise of government power; cautious about westward expansion
2. Appealed to northern merchants and manufacturers, wealthy planters, western farmers and traders, evangelical protestants
3. Anti-masonry movement--became separate party
4. Whigs never able to settle on one leader (had Clay, Webster, Calhoun)
Politics After Jackson
I. Van Buren elected in 1836 (personal choice of Jackson)
II. The Panic of 1837
A. Land speculation
B. Specie
III. The Log Cabin Campaign, 1840
A. Wm. Henry Harrison (Whig) v. Martin van Buren
B. Harrison protrayed as one who loved log cabins, lived simply; van Buren as aristocrat
C. Harrison died after one month in office; suceeded by John Tyler
D. Tension between Tyler and Whigs
INTRODUCTION: Between the War of 1812 and the Civil War (1861), the U.S. moved from a nation of small farmers and tradespeople to a significant manufacturing nation. The Industrial Revolution was transforming the nation, but it also worked to isolate the cotton producing South from the rest of the country.
Foundations of Economic Development
I. Population trends
A. Increasing rapidly
B. Moving westward
C. Moving to towns and cities
II. Immigration and Urban Growth
A. Irish immigrants settled in eastern cities
B. Germans moved west to farm or go into business
III. Rise of Nativism
A. The "Know-Nothing" Party
Transportation and Communications Revolution
I. Transportation: trails to highways to canals to railroads
II. Communications
A. Telegraph, Samuel F.B. Morse, 1844
B. Rotary Press
Commerce and Industry
I. Corporations
II. Factories--concentrated in Northeast
A. Interchangeable parts--Eli Whitney & Simeon North
B. Sewing machine--Howe & Singer
Men and Women at Work
I. Factory labor: before 1820 native; after 1820 immigrant
A. Young women
B. Factory system and artisans
C. Unions and strikes
Patterns in Society
I. Nation getting wealthier
Merchants and industrialists extremely rich, some destitute
II. Social mobility--safety valve
III. Changing family--declining economic significance, declining birth rate
IV. Cult of Domesticity--middle class
Agricultural North
I. Market agriculture to feed cities
II. Technology: John Deere, plow; McCormick, reaper; Case, thresher
III. Separated from South
The Cotton Economy
I. Secondary staples
A. First staple was tobacco
B. Rice & sugar: lesser because of production expense
II. King Cotton
A. More valuable than all the South's other crops combined
B. In 1860 slave gangs grew >93% of cotton
C. Financial control in hands of northerners
III. Slaves became capital
Southern Society
I. The Southern hierarchy
A. Great Planters (1000+ acres; 50+ slaves)
B. Middling Planters (350 acres; 10 slaves)
C. Farmers (some land; <10 slaves)
D. Small Farmers (some land; no slaves)
E. Poor Whites & Free Blacks
F. Slaves
II. Majority of southern farmers in category D; no slaves
III. Slaveholding in 1860
Slaveholders Number of Slaves
6000-8000 50 or more
35,000 20-49
75,000 10-19
275,000 1-9
75% of whites owned no slaves
IV. Planter class dominated political and economic life
V. The Virginia Debate following Nat Turner's Rebellion
A. Gov. John Floyd wanted to abolish or limit slavery
B. Many legislators agreed
1. Some saw slavery as drag on economic development
2. Some from western part of state feared slaves for racial reasons
3. Both groups wanted to return slaves to Africa
C. Debate in legislature 1831-32
1. Debate exciting to Virginians
2. Pro-slavery forces won decisively
3. Gov. Floyd switched to pro-slavery side
D. Resulted in new Slave Code
1. If slavery could not be abolished, it must be controlled
2. Partly reaction to Turner's rebellion and partly reaction to Northern criticism
3. New restrictions
a. More military patrols
b. No black person could preach or hold religious meeting--penalty 39 lashes
c. No free black could own a weapon
d. No slave could buy or sell liquor
e. No more free blacks could enter Virginia
VI. The Values of Southern Whites
A. Commitment to white domination
1. Whites feared becoming a minority
2. Believed abolition would harm slaves
3. Poor whites supported slavery for status reasons
B. Limitations of reform spirit
1. Some reforms passed: schools for deaf, humane treatment of insane
2. Generally new ideas not welcome in south
3. All "isms" thought to be part of abolitionism
C. Education and literature
1. Public education almost nonexistent--20% illiteracy among whites
2. Efforts of literary writers marred by defenses of slavery
D. Southern women: black and white
1. Black women sexual victims of white men
2. Black women less likely victims of racial stereotyping
3. White women not happy with role in society
4. Few southern women became involved in reform causes
The "Peculiar Institution"
[Note the textbook section entitled, "Where Historians Disagree."]
I. Life under slavery
A. Treatment of slaves differed greatly, depending upon owner
B. Essence of slavery unremitting toil
II. Slave resistance and white response
1. Striking out at principal requirements: hard work and productivity
2. Running away--the worst problem
The Underground Railroad
3. Slave rebellions and white defenses
The Culture of Slavery
1. Language--"Pidgin" English
2. Music
3. Family life
4. Sources of slave culture
5. Religion
6. Recreation
7. Sexual mores
8. Social hierarchy in the slave community
I. Examples of reform movements
A. Utopian communities
1. Withdrawal from society
2. Wide variety
A.New Harmony in Indiana
b. Shakers
c. Oneida in New York
d. Brook Farm in Massachusetts
3. Radicalized beliefs of new middle class
B. The Mormons (Latter Day Saints)
1. First indigenous American religion (not counting, of course, Native American religions)
2. Joseph Smith and the Book of Mormon
3. New York, Ohio, Missouri, Illinois
4. Brigham Young and Utah
5. Polygamy
6. Family life and welfare
C. Feminism
D. Temperance
E. Abolitionism
1. Wm. Loyd Garrison and the Liberator
2. Frederick Douglass
3. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Uncle Tom's Cabin
I. Looking Westward
A. Meaning of Manifest Destiny
B. Reasons for manifest destiny
1. Desire for virgin lands & minerals
2. Nationalism
3. Extension of freedom and democracy
4. Protection from external enemies
C. Texas
1. Settled in 1820's & 30's -- by 1835, 35,000 Americans
2. Requirements of Mexican government
3. Republic of Texas, 1836
4. Problem of annexation
5. Ties with Great Britain
6. Annexation rejected, April, 1844
D. The Oregon Question
1. "Oregon Fever" of the 1840's
2. Jointly occupied by U.S. & England, 1818
3. Border dispute: 49 or 54 40'?
E. Election of 1844
1. Polk: expansion by force if necessary
2. Clay: expansion by negotiation
3. Impact of Liberty Party
4. Polk wins
F. Annexation of Texas
G. Oregon Treaty of 1846
H. The Southwest and California
I. The War with Mexico
1. Polk's intent to fulfill manifest destiny
2. War declared over opposition, May 1846
3. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
II. The Sectional Debate
A. Many opposed Mexican War as plot to extend slavery
B. Wilmot Proviso (August, 1846)
C. Free states awaiting admission: Iowa, Wisc. Minn.
Oregon nearly ready
D. Many issues: Political balance; could congress prohibit slavery in the territories?
E. Popular Sovereignty or Squatter Sovereignty
Lewis Cass (Mich) & Stephen A.Douglas (Ill.)
F. Election of 1848
G. California gold rush
H. Compromise of 1850
1. Talk of secession by south
2. Provisions
a. California admitted as free state
b. Utah & N.M. territories decide slavery for themselves
c. N.M. got land disputed with Texas
d. U.S. to pay Repub. of Texas' debt
e. Slavery abolished in D.C. only with consent of D.C. and Maryland residents and only with compensation
f. Slave trade prohibited in D.C.
g. Stricter fugitive slave law
h. Congress would abandon jurisdiction over domestic slave trade
I. Election of 1852
1. Taylor had died in 1850; succeeded by Millard Fillmore
2. Democrat Franklin Pierce easily elected in 1852
III. The Crises of the 1850's
A. Weakness of President Pierce
B. Fugitive slave law
1. Brought cruelty into open in north
2. Many dramatic stories
3. Polarized opinion
C. Uncle Tom's Cabin
D. Kansas-Nebraska Act
1. Violated Indian treaties
2. Applied popular sovereignty to Nebraska Territory, voiding the Missouri Compromise
3. Kansas & Nebraska divided because of prospects for a transcontinental railroad
4. Bleeding Kansas
E. The proslavery argument
1. Had been "necessary evil;" now a positive good
2. Began taking shape after Nat Turner's rebellion and the publication of The Liberator
3. Professor Thomas Dew's argument
a. Only slavery permitted highest civilization: e.g. Greece, Rome, Egypt, Israel at their peaks
b. Slavery good for blacks: rescued them from paganism, barbarism and disease
c. Promoted democracy among whites by assigning all "low and menial" tasks to slaves
4. Additions to Dew's argument (response to abolitionism)
a. Calhoun: freedom not a natural right; must be earned
b. Various racist arguments
c. Enabled south to create superior aristocratic society
d. More humane than northern industrial states
e. Portrayed slave owners as benevolent "fathers of large families"
E. Demise of Whig Party and new party alignments
1. Death of Whig leaders
2. Rise of American Party (Know Nothings)
3. Most southern whigs became democrats
4. Rise of the Republican Party
IV. Buchanan's ordeal
A. The election of 1856
1. Democrats refused to renominate Pierce; could not nominate Douglas, turned to James Buchanan
2. Republicans nominated John C. Fremont of California
3. American party nominated ex-president Millard Fillmore
4. Buchanan got 59% electoral votes, but Republicans got 33% of popular vote in their first presidential election
B. Supreme Court and slavery
1. Buchanan looked to Court to solve the dispute
2. Dred Scott v. Sanford
C. Lincoln-Douglas debates
1. Stephen A.Douglas (Democrat, Senator) and Abraham Lincoln, Republican challenger for senate seat from Illinois
2. Focused on slavery in the territories
3. Lincoln's "House Divided" speech
4. Defined issue of slavery in territories; forced Douglas to denounce Dred Scott to uphold popular sovereignty
D. John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry Arsenal, 1859
V. Toward Separation
A. Election of 1860 (four candidates)
1. Demos split: north nom. Stephen A.Douglas
south nom. John C. Breckenridge
2. Repub. nom. Abraham Lincoln as compromise
3. Constitutional Union party nom. John Bell of TN
4. Republican Platform
a. Protective tariff
b. Free homesteads
c. Transcontinental railroad
d. Immigrant rights
5. Ten slave states refused to put Lincoln on ballot
6. Lincoln won with 60% of electoral votes, but less than 40% of the popular vote
B. The Deep South moves out
1. South Carolina seceded, Dec. 20, 1860
2. By Feb. 1, 1861: Miss., Fla., Ala., Ga., La., TX
3. Feb. 4, all except Texas formed Confederate States of America in Montgomery
4. President Buchanan did nothing
I. Final Failure
A. Lincoln inaugurated March 4, 1861; expressed conciliation (VA, MD, NC, DE, TN, KY, AR, MO in limbo)
B. April 12, 1861, Confederates fire on Ft. Sumter
C. April 15, Lincoln calls 75,000 three-month volunteers
D. In May, AR, NC & TN join south
E. KY, MD, MO, DE stay in Union
II. North and South Compared
A.Population
1. North - 22 million (some in West)
2. South - 9 million; war more popular
B. Civilian and military leaders
1. South had superior military leadership
2. North had superior civilian leaders
C. Economy
1. South - cotton supreme, almost complete dependence
2. North - trade and industry; diversified
D. Government
1. South emphasized states rights, weak central govt.
2. North had strong federal govt.; Lincoln forceful leader
but with opposition
a. Copperheads
b. Pacifists
c. Republicans: regulars and radicals
III. The Struggle for Richmond
A. Northern strategy
1. Naval blockade of southern ports
2. Control Mississippi River
3. Capture Confederate Capital--Richmond
B. Southern strategy
1. Completely defensive
2. Many opposed to Davis on strategy
C. First Battle of Bull Run, 1861
1. North--McDowell, 30,000
2. South--Beauregard, 24,000
D. War in the West
1. Comm. Foote took Ft. Henry on Tenn. R. & Ft. Donelson on Cumberland R. (early 1862)
2. Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862)
Grant & Johnston 23,000 killed or wounded
3. On the Mississippi
a. Adm. Farragut captures New Orleans (April)
b. Gen. Butler captures Baton Rouge (August)
c. Foote captures Memphis and destroys Confederate fleet there
d. Left only Vicksburg and Port Hudson
E. Peninsular Campaign of 1862
1. Lincoln's strategy for taking Richmond; McClellan's alternative
a. McClellan landed April 4, took month to reach Yorktown
b. Reinforcements occupied by Stonewall Jackson in Shenandoah Valley
c. Merrimac (CSA) & Monitor (US)
d. Lee returns to field; leads Seven Days Battle (June 26-July 2)
e. July 9, Lincoln visits McClellan and cancels Peninsular Campaign
F. Second Bull Run, August 29-30, 1862
G. Antietam, September 17
1. North--13,000 casualties; South--11,000
2. Clara Barton & bullet through sleeve
3. "Defeat for both sides"
4. Lincoln declared victory and issued the Emancipation Proclamation
III. War on the Home Fronts
A. In the Confederacy
1. Davis got congressional approval to suspend habeus corpus and declare martial law. Undermined by states.
2. CSA passed nation's first draft law in 1862.
3. Economic problems: Printed paper money in 1861; by 1864 worth 1½¢ on the dollar
4. Morale: emancipation precluded European support
B. In the North
1. Economic boom
a. Morrill Tarriff produced high income
b. Transcontinental RR approved, 1862
c. Homestead Act--160 acres, 1862
d. Morrill Land Grant Act, 1862
e. National banking system, 1863
f. Workers hit hard by inflation
g. Profiteers
2. Problems financing war (greenbacks worth 39¢ by 1864)
3. Draft law, 1863--produced riots
C. Women in the war
1. Wives took over husbands' responsibilities
2. In north 1/3 of workforce in factories
3. Many became nurses
D. The Emancipation Proclamation
V. To Appomattox
The Civil War second bloodiest of 19th century (618,000 deaths)
More men died of disease than of bullets.
A. Fredericksburg (Dec. 1862)
Burnside for US, Lee for CSA
Burnside replaced by Gen. Joe (Fighting Joe) Hooker
B. Chancelorsville (May, 1863)
Hooker for US, Lee for CSA
Lee won, but lost 12,000 men including Stonewall Jackson
C. Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)
1. Lee pushing for final victory by invading north
2. Objective was Harrisburg, PA.
3. Hooker replaced by Gen. George Gordon Meade
4. Battle started by accident
5. July 2, heaviest artillery bombardment of the war
6. July 3, frontal attack by CSA, Pickett's charge
7. July 4, no fighting, Lee escaped
8. Gettysburg Address
D. Vicksburg (July 4, 1863) & Port Hudson (July 8)
1. Grant took Vicksburg after a year of fighting and a 47 day siege
2. Port Hudson last Confederate control of Mississippi River.
E. Chattanooga (Nov. 25, 1863)
F. Grant made supreme commander of Union forces, Spring 1864
1. Strategy
a. Occupy Lee near Richmond
b. Sherman from Tenn. to Gulf thru Atlanta
c. Sheridan to keep Shenandoah Valley clear
2. 55,000 casualties in first month; called "the butcher"
3. Sherman captured Atlanta, September 1864
4. February 1865, Sherman takes Savannah and heads north
5. March 1865, Lee tries to join Johnston in N.C.; Grant takes Richmond
G. Appomattox
1. On April 7, his route to N.C. blocked, Lee asks for terms
2. April 9, 1865, Lee surrenders to Grant at McClean farmhouse at village of Appomattox Courthouse, VA.
3. April 26, Johnston surrenders at Durham Station, N.C.
H. Lincoln's death
1. Shot in Ford's Theater on April 14 by John Wilkes Booth
2. Died at 7:20 a.m. April 15
I. Dimensions of Destruction and Reconstruction
A. Casualties of the war
B. The Defeated South
1. Economic devastation
2. Moral and psychic cost
C. Plans for Reconstruction
1. Lincoln's 10% plan
2. Radical plans--Thaddeus Stevens & Chas. Sumner
3. President Johnson's efforts to carry out Lincoln's plan
VII. The Radical Congress, 1865-66
A. Joint Committee of fifteen
B. Struggle with Johnson
C. Election of 1868
VIII. Radical Reconstruction
A. Legends and myths
B. Black officials
C. Carpetbaggers
D. Scalawags
E. Social changes
F. Shotgun policy
G. Mississippi plan (shotgun plan)
IX. Grant's Presidency
X. Rutherford B. Hayes and the end of Reconstruction
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