A. Civil War & abolition of slavery

1. After Civil War

a. Fourteenth Amendment

b. Fifteenth Amendment

2. New citizens at bottom of socio-economic pyramid

3. Freed slaves

4. Most threatened group was poor whites

Generated KKK

B. Booker T. Washington - 1880's

1. The "Reasonable Negro"

2. Atlanta Compromise - 1895

C. W.E.B. DuBois

1. 1905 - The Niagra Movement

a. Voting rights

b. Economic opportunity

c. Trade union discrimination

2. 1909 - NAACP

The Crisis

D. World War I

1. Segregated units

2. Gen. Blackjack Pershing

E. The Second Klan - 1920's

1. Head - D.C. Stevenson

2. Decline of membership

3. Expansion of causes

F. World War II

1. 1941 March of Washington, BSCP

A. Philip Randolph

2. CORE - created 1941 by pacifists - used Ghandi's tactics

3. NAACP - traditional forms of protest

II. The Modern Civil Rights Movement

A. 1954 - Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka

B. 1955 - Rosa Parks - Montgomery, Alabama

1. Bus boycott

2. Established new form of protest

3. New leader

4. SCLC

C. Causes of Civil Rights Movement

1. Legacy of W.W. II

2. Rise of urban black middle class

3. Television

4. Cold war

5. Political mobilization

6. Labor union membership

D. Other organizations

1. SNCC - Stokely Carmichael

2. CORE - James Farmer

3. Black Panthers

E. Feb 1960 - "Sit In" - Greensboro NC

F. 1961 - "Freedom Rides"

Interracial group of students & CORE

G. Voting Rights

SNCC - fanned out over South

SCLC - education of voters - or.d by Ella Baker

H. Oct 1962 - James Meredith - Ole Miss

I. 1963 -Climax of the movement

1. MLK in Birmingham

a. Bull Connor

b. "Letter from Birmingham Jail"

2. George Wallace - U. of Alabama

a. RFK sent Nicholas Katzenbach

b. Medgar Evers (NAACP) murdered

c. JFK's TV speech

3. August '63 - March on Washington

J. Nov. 1963 - Church Bombing - Birmingham

K. 1964 - MLK - Nobel Peace Prize

L. 1965 - Voting rights march - Selma, Alabama

III. Civil Rights Act of 1964

A. JFK first president to recognize civil rights as moral issue

B. MLK criticized JFK for "tokenism"

C. Pushed through by LBJ

D. Outlawed discrimination in public accomodations

E. Extended school desegregation through further enforcement power

F. Gave Attnorney General new powers to monitor voter registration & voting

G. Addressed employment

IV. Black Nationalism

A. Rise of Black Nationalism

1. Elijah Muhammed & Black Muslims

2. Newspaper - Elijah Speaks

B. Malcolm X

1. Youth

2. Prison

3. Conversion to Islam

4. Conflict with Elijah

5. Organization of Afro-American Unity

6. Hajj to Mecca

C. Malcolm's message

1. Control own politics

2. Control own economics

3. End to social degredation

4. Separate nation

5. Assassination

V. The Question of Violence

A. MLK & non violence

B. Riots - Watts, 1965; most major cities

C. Renewal of violence after King assassination 1968

D. Violence brought change

E. Ralph Abernathy

F. Radicals killed; some moved to Africa

G. Attempts to bring change from within

VI. Results

A. Not finished

B. Immediate

1. Public accomodations

2. More school desegregation

3. More black voters

4. Less degredation

5. Some economic gain

C. Attitudes slower to change

D. Other miorities followed suit

I. Johnson, the Man

A. Age 55; 26 years in Washington.

B. Had become Vice President in order to win the South

C. Took oath aboard Air Force One at Love Field.

D. Vastly different style from JFK

E. Skilled in domestic affairs; novice in foreign affairs.

F. Announced that he would keep Kennedy's cabinet

G. Many had incorrectly assumed he would be conservative.

II. Johnson's Presidency during remainder of Kennedy term

A. Social programs

1. By the end of 1963

2. In January, 1964, Council of Economic Advisors

3. January 8, 1964, in his first State of the Union Address

4. At top of agenda

1) a tax cut

2) civil rights

5. But added something clearly his own:

6. Major tax cuts -- over $10 billion -- February 64

7. Economic Opportunity Act (War on Poverty), 1964

a. Centralized federal antipoverty activities

b. Many facets

1) Job Corps

2) Headstart

3) Work/study

4) Loans to businesses

5) VISTA

6) Community Action Programs

8. Civil Rights Act, 1964

a. Required great political skill

b. Used language of civil rights movement

c. Content:

B. The election of 1964

1. Republican party

2. A right wing arose under new leaders.

3. Sen. Barry Goldwater of Arizona

4. Johnson chose Hubert Humphrey as running mate

5. Goldwater

a. suggested saturation bombing of North Vietnam.

b. In Tennessee urged sale of TVA

c. In Florida questioned Social Security

d. Voted against Civil Rights Act

e. "Dixiecrat" Strom Thurmond converted to Republican Party

6. Johnson took advantage

a. "We are not about to send ..."

b. Goldwater's slogan: "In your heart you know he's right."

c. Landslide victory for Johnson

d. Mandate would not last long

III. Major Developments

A. The war in Vietnam

1. Not important as a campaign issue

2. Johnson's assumptions

3. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, August 1964

4. War was never declared

a. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

b. By 1965, 181,000 U.S. troops

c. by 1968, 536,000 U.S. troops

5. Three more assumptions

a. "Domino theory"

b. War could be hidden from the American people

c. U.S. must save face

6. LBJ cut himself off from "doves," listening only to "hawks."

7. Other problems

B. Birth of the New Right

1. Reaction to the Warren Court

a. Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

b. Watkins v. U.S., 1957

c. Reynolds v. Sims, 1964

d. Miranda v. State of Arizona, 1966

e. Many other decisions on civil rights

f. John Birch Society, 1958

2. Intellectuals and evangelists

a. Wm. F. Buckley

b. Billy Graham

3. Segregationists

a. Most accepted at least limited integration

b. George Wallace

C. Splintering of the Left

1. Black unrest

a. Mass migration

b. Split between leaders

c. Riots

1) First in Harlem during summer of 1964

2) Watts section of Los Angeles, 1965

3) Chicago & Cleveland, 1966

4) Newark & Detroit, 1967

5) Usually met with police and military force

d. King broke with LBJ over Vietnam war

e. 1968, "poor peoples' campaign"

2. Student radicals

a. At first supported Kennedy and Johnson

b. Kennedy's goals compromised

c. The "New Left"

1) SDS

2) Politically active on campuses and elsewhere

3) Berkeley

3. The Counterculture

a. Writers

b. Music

c. Drugs

d. Sex

e. War

IV. Johnson's Presidency in Midst of Chaos (64-68)

A. LBJ proposed an astonishing program

1. Medicare/medicaid

2. Voting Rights Act of 1965

3. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development

4. Clean Air Act

5. Others

B. The war escalates

1. Diverting funds

2. Pleiku

3. Bombing

4. LBJ not straightforward

5. Opposition mounted

C. LBJ and Civil Rights

1. Riots and war took tolls

2. Kerner Commission

3. Civil Rights Act of 1968

4. 1966 Congressional elections

D. Johnson bows out

1. Tet offensive

2. New Hampshire primary

3. March 31, 1968, national TV speech

4. April 4, 1968, MLK assassinated in Memphis

June 6, 1968, RFK assassinated in Los Angeles

I. Background

A. Problems left from WW II.

1. Began in 1945 with Japanese occupation

2. Dien Bien Phu in 1954

3. Ho Chi Minh

B. Geneva Accords, 1954

1. CIA worked to undermine this agreement

2. Ngo Dinh Diem

C. "Military Advisors" sent by Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson

II. Nature of the War

A. Part of Cold War

B. Jungle terrain and support of Viet Cong

C. Gradual Escalation

1. Partly to hide war for political reasons

2. Fear of losing first war

D. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution--August 1964

1. Not a declaration of war

2. By 1965: 181,000 troops

3. By 1968: 536,000 troops

E. Helicopter warfare and B-52 bombing

F. Defoliants

III. Protest of the War

A. The war comes home

1. Costs were rising to $100,000,000 per day

2. Heroin problem

3. Dead and wounded

B. The Sixties: 1965-1975

1. America was getting younger / moving West

2. Areas of discontent

3. Original protests started on campus

a. A degree had been the answer in the 50's

b. Evasion of the Draft

c. War related research

d. Berkeley

1) 1964 Free Speech Movement - Mario Savio

2) 31 Flavors, but all vanilla

3) in loco parentis

4. Advent of Drugs

5. David Riesman's (The Lonely Crowd) theories

a. Conformity

b. "The transportation and communication revolution has pulled man closer together and made man more interdependent. But despite this closeness in space and interdependence, individuals have grown farther apart in human relationships as a result of the family & the community constantly being shattered with no new unifying agents taking their place." Hence lonely crowds and charismatic leadership possibilities.

C. The Antiwar Movement of the Sixties

1. Student groups

a. SNCC-- Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee

b. FSM-- Free Speech Movement

c. SDS-- Students for a Democratic Society

1) Modern liberal has sold out

2) 1960 League for Industrial Democracy created a student organization called SDS

3) 1962 PORT HURON STATEMENT - Tom Hayden

2. Student violence

a. Mounted as war dragged on

b. Targets - ROTC DOW Chemical - Napalm

c. Culminates in May 1970-Cambodia

1) Kent State 4 killed

2) Jackson State 2 killed

3) Universities closed early

IV. 1968--A Pivotal Year

A. TET Offensive, February, 1968

B. New Hampshire Primary

C. LBJ bows out, March 31, 1968

D. Bobby Kennedy enters the race

E. Peace Negotiations began

F. Robert Kennedy Assassination

G. Chicago Democratic convention

1. Peaceniks

2. Mayor Daley & Police Riot

3. Chicago 7, Jerry Rubin, Abbie Hoffman, Tom Hayden

4. HHH nominated

H. Republican Convention in Miami & NIXON's resurgence

1. Quaker Background

2. Mr. Anti-communist

3. Hated to lose

4. Hated those who deserted to Canada etc

I. Third Party Candidate: George Wallace - American Independent Party-- "Law & Order"

J. Election Results:

popular electoral

1. Nixon 31,783,783 301

2. Humphrey 31,271,839 191

3. Wallace 9,899,557 46

V. Nixon and Vietnam

A. Peace With Honor

1. Maintain credibility

2. Withdraw ground troops

B. Vietnamization

1. Troops cut back to 50,000 by 1972

2. Stepped up air raids

C. Cambodia, 1970

D. Pentagon Papers -- Dr. Daniel Ellsberg

E. America was divided

F. More Bombing

G. Mined the harbors

H. 1972 Peace negotiations in Paris

I. The Election of 1972

Nixon won over George McGovern

(520 to 17 electoral votes)

J. January of 1973--Henry Kissinger announced: "Peace is at Hand"

1. No long term guarantees

2. "decent interval"

3. South Vietnam's govt. was to stay in power

4. POW Question

K. United States abandoned South Vietnam April 29, 1975

L. A few days later the Thieu government fell

AMERICA'S LONGEST WAR

QUESTIONS:

Civil War Other cultures

Guerilla War Fear of communism

Jungle War Guns & Butter

High Technology

For Further Study

1. Books:

A. Norman Podhoretz, Why We Were In Vietnam

B. Guenter Lewy, America In Vietnam

C. David Halberstam, The Best & The Brightest

D. Larry Berman, Planning a Tragedy

E. Leslie H. Gelb, The Irony of Vietnam

2. Movies:

A. Coming Home

B. Apocalypse Now

C. Platoon

D. Hamburger Hill

E. Full Metal Jacket

F. Bat 21

G. Born on the Forth of July

H. Garden of the Stone

I. American society at a crossroads

A. Problems of credibility in the 70s

1. Problem of accountability

2. Increasing litigation

3. Public relations as a response

4. 70s a time of credibility crises

5. Also a time of limitation and readjustment

B. Economic problems

1. Delayed impact of Vietnam war expenditures

2. American industry falling behind

3. Energy shortages and steep prices

C. Social changes

1. Increased crime rates

2. Transformation of the family

3. Changes in women's roles

4. Minorities

a. Perception

b. Oglala Sioux at Wounded Knee, 1973

5. The "Me Decade"

6. Divisiveness of the Vietnam war

7. 1968 Election

II. Nixon and Southeast Asia (foreign policy)

A. Richard Nixon

1. Career

2. Attitude towards government

3. Cabinet

4. Personal staff: e.g., H. R. Haldemann, John Ehrlichman

B. Vietnamization

1. Nixon promised open government; kept many decisions hidden

2. Decision to withdraw U.S. ground forces

3. Ordered bombing of Cambodia

4. Leaks

C. Fighting the war protesters

1. Attacked the media

2. Spiro Agnew was the hatchet man

3. Invasion of Cambodia, April 1970,

a. Kent State University, May 4, 1970

b. Jackson State University

4. Two critical events in 1971

a. "Mayday Tribe," May 2-3

b. Publication of Pentagon Papers

D. Détente

1. Wanted better relations with China and USSR; began secretly

2. July 1971, announced he would visit China

3. Announced trip to USSR October 12, 1971--visit in May 72

E. The end of the war

1. Military stalemate at best

2. Increasing domestic resistance

3. Nixon looking like peacemaker; landslide victory over George McGovern in 1972

4. January 1973, treaty signed in Paris; America abandoned South Vietnam

III. Nixon's credibility at home (domestic policy)

A. Two obstacles: a democratic congress and an unmanageable bureaucracy

B. First President since 1849 to enter office with both houses of Congress controlled by opposing party

C. Focused on four issues--each resistant to change

1. Crime and political violence

a. Targeted student radicals and civil rights movement, Crime Bill for D.C.

b. Targeted Supreme Court

Warren Burger

Clement F. Haynesworth

Harold Carswell

Lewis F. Powell, Jr.

William Rehnquist

2. Social welfare policy

a. Tried a plan of guaranteed income

b. Local Fiscal Assistance Act, 1972

3. The economy

a. Economic activist

b. Phase I (1971)-- froze wages and prices for 90 days; 10% surcharge on imports; devalued the dollar

c. Phase II (1973)--60 day price freeze followed by steep increases in imported oil prices, most from OPEC

4. Attempts to reorganize executive branch

a. Wanted to subordinate cabinet heads to White House staff

b. In frustration, started a program of domestic spying

D. Watergate

1. CREEP

2. Break-ins at Democratic headquarters

3. Congressional hearings

4. Saturday Night Massacre

5. August 8, 1974 -- Nixon resigned

I. Assuming the presidency

A. Replaced Nixon, August 9, 1974

B. Chose Nelson Rockefeller as VP

C. Pardoned Nixon Sept. 8, 1974

D. Popular perception: honest, but inept

II. Little success in domestic affairs

A. Became "negative" leader

B. In 15 months, vetoed 39 bills; broke Hoover's record

C. Economics:

1. Worst recession since Great Depression

2. W.I.N. campaign

III. Foreign affairs

A. Kept Henry Kissinger as Secretary of State

B. Helsinki Accord

C. In area of Human Rights, supported Jewish emigration

D. Met with Brezhnev at Vladivostok, Siberia

E. Agreement between Israel and Egypt

F. Collapse of south vietnam in May, 1975

1. U.S. evacuated April 29, 1975

2. Gen. Thieu complained we hadn't done enough

a. Had cost $118 billion

b. 56,000 killed; 300,000 wounded

c. Lost of status in world

3. Khmer Rouge plunged Cambodia into a bloodbath

G. OPEC threatening another boycott

H. Ford sent Marines to rescue crew of Mayaquez

IV. The election of 1976

A. Ford challenged by Ronald Reagan

B. Chappaquiddick incident

C. Nomination went to Jimmy Carter

D. Carter appealed to a shaky coalition of voters but won

1. Represented the "New South" with ties to old South

2. Example of vigorous evangelical protestantism

3. "I will never lie to the American people."

I. Background

A. U.S. Naval Academy

B. Peanut farmer

C. Governor of Georgia, 1971-75

D. Brother of Billy

II. Assuming the Presidency

A. Appointments

1. Washington insiders on cabinet

a. Cyrus Vance - State

b. Joseph Califano - HEW

2. "Georgia Mafia" in the White House

3. Women and minorities

B. Early accomplishments

1. Appointment of minorities

2. Amnesty to draft evaders of Vietnam era

3. Some reform in Civil Service

4. Created cabinet level departments of Energy and Education

5. Several significant environmental bills

a. control strip mining

b. superfund for cleanup of chemical waste

c. protection of Alaskan wilderness

III. Domestic Affairs

A. Energy policy

1. Called for conservation

2. Called energy crisis "Moral equivalent of war,"

3. Price of oil doubled in 1979

4. Carter wanted U.S. out of foreign oil

5. Political turmoil in Iran 78-79

6. Led to shortages in U.S.

B. The economy and "malaise"

1. High inflation

2. "Stagflation"

3. Carter's response lacked strength and direction

4. Proposition 13 in California

IV. Foreign Affairs

A. Two top advisors disagreed

1. Cyrus Vance

2. Zbigniew Brzezinski

B. Emplasis on human rights

1. Cuba and Uganda

2. Cut aid to Uruguay, Argentina and Ethiopia

3. Championed blacks in Rhodesia and South Africa

C. SALT II, not ratified by Senate

D. Panama Canal Treaty

E. Formal relations with People's Republic of China

F. Camp Daivd Accords, Sept 17, 1978

G. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979

1. Grain embargo

2. Boycott of Olumpic games, 1980

H. Restored full diplomatic relations with China

I. Iran Hostage Crisis, Nov. 1979 - Jan. 1981

V. Election of 1980

A. ABC - Anybody but Carter

B. Third party - John Anderson

C. Reagan capitalized on disaffection

1. Landslide victory - 51%, 41%, 7%

D. Hostages released on day of Reagan's inauguration (444 days)

I. New Lifestyles

A. Living arrangements

B. Yuppies--Young Urban Professionals

C. Controversial lifestyles

D. The new poor

II. Surging subcultures

A. African-American middle class

B. Asian Americans

C. Hispanics

III. The eighties economy

A. Widening gap between rich and poor

B. Homelessness

C. The global economy

IV. Other social changes

A. Smallpox obliterated in 1980s

B. AIDS

C. The media explosion: cable & VCR, computer

D. Conservatism

V. The election of 1980

A. Ronald Reagan

B. Problems of Carter administration

C Supply side economics

D. Economic conservatism and moral activism

E. Shot March 30, 1981

VI. Reaganomics

A. Economics before moral agenda

B. Cut social spending, increase military spending

C. Promise to cut income tax (aimed at wealthy) and balance the budget (by reducing federal spending)

D. The deficit

1. 1980=$60 billion 1986=>$200 billion/yr.

2. During Reagan's terms U.S. moved from being greatest creditor nation to being greatest debtor nation

3. National debt was $1.5 trillion in 1980; $3 trillion in 1988 ($4.9 trillion in 1995)

E. Tax Act of 1984

F. The election of 1984 -- A referendum on taxes

G. October 19, 1987 -- stock market crash

VII. Reagan and social issues

A. Disappointed many on the right, especially on moral agenda

B. Supreme Court nominations: Sandra Day O'Connor; William Rehnquist as Chief Justice; Antonin Scalia; Robert Bork; Douglas Ginsburg; Anthony M. Kennedy

C. Reagan's environmental policy

VIII. Foreign policy

A. Strong nationalism

B. USSR: "The Evil Empire"

C. The Arms buildup

1. SDI

2. Authoritarian vs. totalitarian states

D. Terrorism

E. Intervention: Grenada and Nicaragua

"Reagan Doctrine" -- policy that we would support opponents of communism anywhere in the world, even if they had no connection to USSR

F. The Iran-Contra Affair

G. Summit with Gorbachev, 1986

H. INF Treaty, 1988 (Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces)

1. Reduction of weapons in Europe

2. May be most important arms reduction treaty of nuclear age

3. Significant step towards ending cold war

IX. The Reagan record

"The Teflon President"

A. Paradoxes

Pledge Result

+dismantle welfare state increased support for many programs

+fix economy Worst budget and trade deficits in history; national debt exceeded $3 trillion (exceeded all previous administrations) did not balance budget

B. Unsettled questions: economy, arms race, global competition, poverty, race & class

I. Election of 1988

A. George Bush/ Dan Quayle

B. Michael Dukakis/Loyd Bentsen

C. Bush's acceptance speech pledge: "Read my lips...no new taxes!

II. End of Cold War

A. Mikhail Gorbachev--became premier in 1985--revolutionary leader--

1. Two initiatives:

GLASNOST--openness -- many social & legal changes -- civil liberties

PERESTROIKA--reform or restructuring

+private ownership; profit motive introduced; McDonalds in Moscow

2. Changes in foreign policy reduced Soviet influence in Eastern Europe

3. Cold War had bankrupted USSR

B. In a few months of 1989 every government in the Soviet bloc was either overthrown or transformed into a non-communist state.

1. Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, East Germany

2. Communist Parties collapsed with Gorbachev's encouragement

C. May 1989, Student revolt in Tianamen Square, Beijing

D. February 1990, South Africa released Nelson Mandella (leader of ANC) from 27 years in prison

E. August 19, 1991, unsuccessful coup in Moscow by hard liners brought dramatic collapse of Communist Party.

1. Within days almost every Soviet Republic declared independence

2. Gorbachev eventually resigned and Soviet Union ceased to exist.

F. November, 1989--Berlin wall torn down

III. Domestic scene

A. Bush inherited staggering debt and deficit.

B. In an effort to control the right wing of his party, he took positions on affirmative action and abortion that hurt him with Congress.

C. In 1990 in a standoff with a democratic congress, to avoid government shutdown, agreed to a tax increase designed to reduce the deficit.

+seen by right wing as violation of his pledge--they hounded him with it.

D. Recession began in late 1990; lasted thru 1992; caused a high number of bankruptcies

IV. Gulf War

A. August 2, 1990, Iraq (Saddham Hussein) invaded Kuwait.

B. Bush persuaded nearly every important country in the world including USSR and Muslin/Arab states, to join a UN embargo of Iraq exports.

C. The UN (mostly US) began moving massive forces to the region

+January 16, allies began bombing of Iraq

D. February 23, allied forces began massive assault, not on Kuwait border primarily, but into Iraq itself. Met little resistance.

1. 141 allied deaths

2. cir. 100,000 Iraqi soldiers and civilians

E. February 28, Iraq accepted terms of cease fire.

F. Gen. Colin Powell as war hero

CLINTON

I. Election of 1992

A. Because of Bush's very high popularity after the Gulf War, leading democrats did not run.

B. Allowed Clinton to gain nomination.

C. Ross Perot--third party--withdrew in July, re-entered in October.

"It's the economy, stupid"

Clinton 43% pop. 370 electoral

Bush 38% 168

Perot 19% 0 best since T.Roosevelt in 1912

II. Clinton entered office with no powerful mandate

III. Early missteps

A. Gays in military

B. some early appointments embarassing

E.g., Zoe Baird--"nannygate"

C. White House Counsel committed suicide

D. Whitewater

IV. Achievements

A. Budget bill (passed when Gore broke tie in Senate)

significant turnaround in direction from RR and Bush

B. Family leave bill

C. NAFTA

V. Hillary and Health Care Issue

VI. Foreign policy tentative and hesitant -- with mixed results

VII. Election of 1996

Mixed message from voters

"Bridge to the 21st Century"

NOTE: There is still no clear outline for an American Foreign Policy to replace Containment in the post Cold War era